Costovertebral angle tenderness : : characteristic of pyelonephritis.Persistent pain: indicative of inflammatory diseases (e.g., pyelonephritis ).Colicky pain radiating to the groin or genitals is most commonly seen in urolithiasis.Changes in urine and micturition : evaluate amount, frequency, appearance, and discomfort (see table below for details).The findings of these tests may be diagnostic or provide guidance for further diagnostic evaluation (e.g., renal biopsy, imaging)įor more on imaging and urodynamic tests, see “ Diagnostic investigations in urology.” For more on urine culture, see “Laboratory tests” under diagnostics in “ Urinary tract infections.” Current NBME laboratory reference values can be found under “Tips and Links” below.” The BUN/creatinine ratio and fractional excretion of sodium can be used to evaluate the cause of acute kidney injury. Inulin clearance and creatinine clearance provide the most accurate calculation of the GFR while serum creatinine can be used together with demographic data to provide an estimated GFR. Renal function testing involves a panel of parameters to assess for renal dysfunction. Urine sediment allows for microscopic detection of cells, urinary casts, urinary crystals, bacteria, and yeast in a urine sample. Dipstick is a diagnostic tool consisting of a urine test strip that allows for quick assessment of potentially pathological changes of various parameters (e.g., pH, glucose, protein). Urinalysis helps to evaluate urinary abnormalities and involves gross assessment of urine, dipstick, and microscopy of urine sediment. This article covers important clinical findings of urological and renal conditions, including changes in micturition (e.g., dysuria, anuria) and changes in urine (e.g., hematuria, proteinuria) as well as the routine diagnostics for the initial evaluation of patients with urological and renal symptoms, including urinalysis and renal function testing.

Normal range for buncreatinine ratio